The War On Drugs And The United States - 956 Words

The War on Drugs has become an epidemic today that has afflicted in the United States and the United Nations; both are influenced by international drug laws which preserve the criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policies on the war on drugs. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs become the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. This paper will examine these issues focusing primarily on referencing historical context on the struggles controlling the drugs within our society. Effective changes must be made for the war on drugs to be disregarded. First steps of improvement must be lenient punishment policies based on the relevance and/or risk of these psychoactive drugs. EXTENT OF THE WAR ON DRUGS The United States government has defined the term â€Å"war on drugs† as a â€Å"series of actions tending toward a prohibition of illegal drug trade† (War on drugs law). According to Beccaria (1974), laws were conditioned under man as a ways to united our society. On the contrary, the term War on Drugs was coined by President Richard Nixon in 1971, which he described these illegal drugs as public enemy number one in the United States (A brief history of the drug war)†. During the late 1980s, the political mania about drugs led Congress and state legislatures to increase campaigns against drug use. For instance, First Lady Nancy Reagan began the â€Å"JustShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And The United States1506 Words   |  7 Pages When, in 1971, Richard Nixon infamously declared a â€Å"war on drugs† it would have been nearly impossible for him to predict the collective sense of disapprobation which would come to accompany the now ubiquitous term. It would have been difficult for him to predict that the drug war would become a hot topic, a highly contentious and polarizing point of debate and, it would have difficult for him to predict that the United States would eventually become the prison capital of the world, incarceratingRead MoreDrug Wars : The United States1643 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Wars. When people hear the term â€Å"Drug Wars† they think that the cause of all the Drugs and Violence flowing through into the United States, is all Mexico’s fault, that Mexico is the cause of so many deaths and a War that the United States thinks it’s â€Å"Winning†, but they are not even making a little dent. Interestingly enough, Mexico is not the only cause of this War going o n around the Border, The United States plays a big role around the Drug Wars as well. THE TIES THE U.S. HAS WITH MEXICANRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Drugs has been an ongoing effect ever since the Civil War introduced the drug morphine to the world. In the years since people have been coming up with drugs more lethal than morphine such as cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and so on and so forth. The War on Drugs is dangerous and leads to many deaths throughout the years. America has set up agencies such as the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and other drug task force teams throughout the United States. Even though we may not be ableRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe War on Drugs has become an epidemic today afflicting United States and the United Nations; which are swayed by global drug laws which preserve the criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policy on the war on drug. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs bec omes the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. This paper will examine these issues focusing primarily onRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe War on Drugs has become an epidemic today afflicting United States and the United Nations; which are swayed by global drug laws which preserve the criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policies on the war on drug. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs becomes the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. This paper will examine these issues focusing primarily onRead MoreThe Drug War Of The United States1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe drug war in the U.S. has been waged on civil fronts for over four decades and has not only proven to be not only futile but at times even more damaging to society than the drugs themselves. The once virtuous intent of this ‘war’ has been corrupted by police unions and dirty politicians who have turned it into a carefully crafted system of capitalistic enterprise, designed push their political agenda by perpetuating the myth that drugs are the primary threat to our nation. Zero tolerance lawsRead MoreThe United State War On Drugs1005 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States government has been wasting millions of dollars each year on a worthless war that cannot be won. This war is explained in detail by author Art Caden in their essay â€Å"Let’s Be Blunt† about the United State war on drugs. The war on drugs began in 1971 under the order of President Richard Nixon, and it was one of the worst decisions he ever made. It has been nothing but a waste of government funding, time, and manpower that can only be described as a dismal failure and should be repealedRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States871 Words    |  4 Pages In the United States crime rates have been on a decline for years, but the United States still has the largest number of people incarcerated in the world. The â€Å"war on drugs† as well as policy’s by the government to be â€Å"tough on crime† has lead to the uprising of corporate prisons, which are known as for-profit prisons, and private prisons. Private prisons have also lead to States, and federal prisons to become worse when it comes to programs to rehabilitate those who are incarcerated, so thatRead MoreUnited States War On Drugs Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesHumanities Independent Research Essay Thompson Lin Block B 10-1 Research Question: To what extent has the United States’ â€Å"War on Drugs† been successful in reducing illicit drug abuse in the country? The â€Å"War on Drugs† is a term generally referred in America to the campaign aiming to reduce drug abuse in the country. The term first appeared in July 18 1971, when former U.S. President Richard Nixon started the campaign. However, on April 9, 2015, President Obama publicly announced that the policyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesFor many years, drugs have been the center of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. Due to this widespread epidemic, President Richard Nixon declared the â€Å"War on Drugs† in 1971 with a campaign that promoted the prohibition of illicit substances and implemented policies to discourage the overall production, distribution, and consumption. The War on Drugs and the U.S. drug policy has experienced the most significant and complex challenges between criminal law and the values of

Essay Care Coordination in the Health Care System - 582 Words

Care coordination within health care systems ensures the client of an effective and short stay. Care coordination refers to the coordination between and among professional teams that serve valuable roles involved in providing care to clients. Different disciplines of health care professionals include nursing, medicine, case management, pharmacy, nutrition, social work, and allied health professionals, such as speech therapists and physical therapists. They are found in all health care delivery systems and are extremely effective when the focus is strictly on the needs of the client. Interprofessional teams are valuable because each health care professional has specialized knowledge and skills so that health care plans are determined with†¦show more content†¦The American Nurses Association is leading the way by implementing countless initiatives to bring attention to the nurses’ essential role in care coordination. It is up to the nurse to step up and draw attention t o the integral part they play in improving patient satisfaction, patient care quality, and the effective and efficient use of health care resources (American Nurses Association, 2012). In the United States, our health care system is often characterized by communication failures. According to the American Nurses Association (2012), â€Å"Care coordination has been proposed as a solution to many of the seemingly intractable problems of American health care: high costs, uneven quality, and too frequent disappointing patient outcomes† (para. 14). Care coordination is a very important aspect in nursing roles and is extremely valuable because it can improve outcomes for everyone: patients, payers, and providers. Although it is obvious that the changes will improve patient care and general efficiency, applying changes in the general approach and everyday routines may be overwhelming. Luckily, there are resources available for those interested in taking a more coordinated approach to primary care practice (â€Å"Social Media’s leading Physician Voice,† 2012). Interprofessional teams are collaborative among various health care professionals that serve valuable rolesShow MoreRelatedAs healthcare becomes more and more complex due to growing fields of study as well as advances in1600 Words   |  7 Pageseach healthcare provider, whether it be specialists, primary care physicians, or even emergency room doctors, have limited time with each patient. The patient may receive different recommendations from each professional in order to produce a better lifestyle for that patient however this care is not coordinated thus the patient becomes confused as to how to proceed. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality care coordination means things to different people; no consensus definitionRead MoreAre Ehrs Helping For Improve Care?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove care? Care is changing universally. Healthcare workers have updated standards and practices for care today, and electronic health records (EHR) are one of these updates. EHR’s are an electronic version of a patient’s medical history. Since EHR have been implemented, it has saved patient’s lives, but also caused casualties. The question is are EHR’s helping to improve care? In this paper, the benefits of EHR’s are discussed in how they’ve improved patient-centered care and promoted health careRead MoreChallenges Of Accountable Care Organizations1419 Words   |  6 PagesAffordable Care Act has created many opportunities for states to design and test new models of care delivery and payment that improve health outcomes, improve patients’ experience, and reduce health care spending (The Promise of Care Coordination: Transforming Health Care Delivery, 2013). These new models include accountable care organizations (ACOs) and Medicaid health home s. A main component of these new models is care coordination programs, which allow providers and other members of the health careRead MoreTypes And Implementation Of Care Coordination1315 Words   |  6 PagesCare across various health care settings and with multiple providers is often fragmented and managed in a silo. Patients with multiple illnesses are more challenging to the health care system. These challenges cross multiple health care settings and make the patient more vulnerable to experiencing serious health problems that can result from poor transition and coordination of care. Coordination interventions can include transitional care, patient self-management and coordinated care. IncorporationRead MoreAn Integration Of Care Study1198 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of Setting An integration of care study was conducted by a Doctor of Behavioral Health Intern at Michael R. Zent (MRZ)Healthcare Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. MRZ is a reverse co-located integrated medical and behavioral clinic that provides services to about 4000 children and 4000 adults annually. MRZ provides laboratory, pharmacy, behavioral and physical health services together under one roof. The clinic utilizes an integrated electronic health record to document the treatment of membersRead MoreTreatment Of A Hospitalized Patient1667 Words   |  7 Pagestreatment to stabilize conditions, reduce the time spent in the hospital, and provide complete care on an outpatient basis (Kalra, et al, 2010, p.930). This change in the healthcare delivery model was inevitable, since hospitals are now paid the same amount of money for procedures regardless of the number of days spent in the hospital. For example, â€Å"Medicare s inpatient prospective reimbursement system uses hospital submitted ICD-9 d iagnosis codes to determine the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG),Read MoreEssay On Behavioral Health Redesign1342 Words   |  6 PagesOhio Behavioral Health Redesign Annually half a million Ohioans Including children, working adults and seniors access mental health and addiction services through the state’s Medicaid program. (Wirtz, 2017) With the severe and pervasive opioid crisis and the rise in suicide Governor Kasich initiated comprehensive reforms to expand access to mental health and addiction treatment services in the State of Ohio. The actions taken during the Kasich Administration have stabilized the system and rebuilt theRead MoreA Description And Defense Of The Change1346 Words   |  6 Pageschange in policy, procedure or program Description: Detailed Process mapping for coordination of care Developing strategies to achieve ideal transition in care can be described as better â€Å"discharge planning, complete communication of information, availability, timeliness, clarity and organization of information, medication safety, educating patients to promote self-management, advance care planning, coordinating care among team members, monitoring and managing symptoms after discharge and follow up†Read MoreDescription Of Setting. A Study On Reverse Integrated Of1305 Words   |  6 PagesDescription of Setting A study on reverse integrated of care delivery system and challenges was conducted by a Doctor of Behavioral Health (DBH) Intern at Michael R. Zent (MRZ)Healthcare Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. MRZ is a non-profit reverse integrated medical and behavioral clinic that provides services to about 4000 children and 4000 adults annually. MRZ employs 80 individuals, including 2 psychiatrists, 4 nurse practitioners, one primary care provider (PCP), four nurses, thirty therapists, threeRead MoreThe Community Intervention / Interview Paper919 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity outreach and provider Relations for â€Å"Coordination of Health Care for Complex Kids† (CHECK) Program and Project Coordinator of â€Å"Promoting Adolescent Health† (PATH) Study. She was interviewed about her work with the CHECK Program. The Coordination of Health Care for Complex Kids program aims to improve overall health and quality of life for underserved populations. This programs aims to fight the soci al injustice of unequal health systems for low socioeconomic communities. The CHECK program

1984 Critical Analysis Free Essays

10/23/11 1984 critical analysis In the novel 1984 by George Orwell a man named Winston lives within a dis-utopian society. People within this society keep their emotions non-noticeable because if they go against what the inner circle is teaching than that person would work manually labor for the rest of their life. In the story a party known as the inner circle uses a few slogans and sayings to control everything. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 Critical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inner circle uses all that they say to brainwash people into believing what they are saying is true. The inner party’s slogans are â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is strength† By using these phrases one can see that the inner circle can manipulate everyone into believing in what the inner circle tells them to believe in. The first slogan â€Å"War is peace† The inner circle has this slogan to convince people that there is no such thing as peace. The inner party seems to get people to believe they are in a constant state of war. When they are not fighting one country they are fighting the other. The inner party uses this constant state to their advantage; the inner party uses this state to keep the people always occupy with a war and to keep them from thinking about rising up against the government. Examples of the constant state of war, one is the proles are constantly being bombed. With this slogan it gives people a sense of anxiety keeping them scared and to make them think that Big Brother is taking care of them and will look out for them, and protect them. The second slogan â€Å"Freedom is Slavery†, the inner party is trying to control everyone and getting them to hate every other country. This slogan means that to have freedom is to be a slave, which in American eyes is a big lie. The inner party puts out the slogan for people to understand it is much better to be under Big Brother than it is to be your own individual and have freedom to decide what they would like to do; But to the people in this dis-utopia society believe that Big Brother is for them and not only that but they have been spoon fed their whole lives and they would not know what to do even if they had freedom. The people in this society that would have some sense of what freedom is, is the proles because the inner circle doesn’t really care about them. The third slogan is â€Å"Ignorance is strength†. The Meaning of Ignorance is the lack of Knowledge, Not knowing and for not knowing to be strength it does not make very much sense. The phrase â€Å"Knowing is half the battle â€Å" would never come into play. In many cases to win a battle is to know what the army is up against. Not knowing is how the inner circle keeps any rebels from rebelling because they don’t know what they are up against. Throughout the book the inner circle is kept a secret but it is known that it is there. In the book Winston believes that Big Brother is not real and does not exist. The inner circle also retells history the way they want it told and they teach it this way to keep the people from knowing what truly is happening in the world around them. After all the slogans one of the sayings the inner circle uses is â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† This society uses this poster to add to the anxiety and fear of the people. The sign has this saying and above it is a face that looks similar to Hitler. This poster is posted everywhere within the society. This saying echoes throughout ones mind to give them a sense of being constantly watched and they have to pay attention to everything they do. This saying is not entirely false either in this society people are always looking out at people waiting and watching for them to slip up. The inner circle also uses telescreeens within each room to watch over what the person is doing and also the telescreen has no off switch. Winston has his telescreen in a location so he has a corner where he can write what ever he wants in his illegal journal. The inner circle uses it’s own people to for it’s eyes in the society because it uses the true followers to catch all the people who would go against. The inner circle also use kids as spies. They use the kids to spy on the parents within the home to make sure they do not go against the inner party. The inner circle turns their own people on each other so not only they look to catch each other but they also have no big groups to conspire with. In Comparison of the three slogans the number one thing they all have in common is they are all false and are all contradictions of each other; â€Å"War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is strength. † Each slogan has it’s own purpose and reason to help the inner circle to control everybody to make sure they do not rise up against the inner party. If someone does go against the inner party the inner party sends their â€Å"task force† in to take that person and to have them do manually labor for the rest of their life. Which having the Thought Police a. k. â€Å"task force† in the mix of everything adds even more anxiety and fear into the people of this society. In truth the inner circle uses fear and repeats the slogans to get people brainwashed into believing everything the inner circle is telling them. The inner circle uses all of the sayings to manipulate and control everyone to be on their side. The inner party has these slogans to make sur e everyone can’t go against them. The inner party rules with fear and is kept a secret, and repeats everything to make sure it is brainwashed into believing everything they are told. In many cases if someone repeats something over and over they would believe it to be true. If someone repeated that 2 + 2 = 5 eventually they would start to question if it is true and then soon the person would believe it is true and trick themselves that they are right in which 2 + 2 = 5. Which is the same way with Winston in which eventually he gave into the ways of the inner circle and he started to love Big Brother who he despised at the beginning of the book. This same process manipulated Winston into going into the ways and is brainwashed into believing everything he is told. How to cite 1984 Critical Analysis, Papers

Journal Of The American Geriatrics Societ -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of The American Geriatrics Societ? Answer: Introducation Individualised balance exercises would be achieved through the collaboration of the specific patient and physical therapist or nurse assistants. Hence, the pillar of consumer and community participation is relevant to the project. Based on consumer and community participation pillar, an intervention is developed on the principles of consent, autonomy and professional ethics. The patient at the aged care home should offer consent before the therapist initiates therapy session. On the other hand, the healthcare professional should practice autonomy and observe professional ethics when treating the patient. Besides, needs assessment, information provision and privacy are fundamental aspects of the consumer and community participation pillar (Department of Health, 2012). These principles are all pertinent to the proposed project. Another clinical governance pillar that is pertinent to the project is service evaluation, quality improvement and innovation. The structure of the project requ ires constant evaluation and improvement based on the clients outcomes and efficiency. The pillar of service evaluation and quality improvement suggests that treatment should be monitored progressively and updated to meet the envisioned or desired results (Department of Health, 2012). In this project, the individualised balance exercises will be continuously monitored, and deficiencies in relation to the predetermined standards of care will be remedied. This analysis indicates that clinical governance is relevant and indispensable to the proposed project. Evidence that the issue / problem is worth solving: (774 words) Falls in nursing homes is a significant problem that results in adverse health outcomes and is a common occurrence in Australian aged care facilities. Empirical evidence suggests that there is a high number of falls in nursing homes. Ibrahim and colleagues, in their study conducted between 2000 and 2013, found that most deaths in accredited Australian nursing homes occur due to falls. Specifically, they revealed that out of 21672 deaths 81.5 percent (2679) are associated with falls. They concluded that falls cause premature deaths in aged care facilities, which are preventable (Ibrahim et al., 2017). One study conducted in New South Wales (NSW), shows that there is a high number of falls in residential aged care that require medical treatment. The study shows that between 2006 and 2007 5756 falls were requiring medical attention in NSW. The number of falls that needed emergency department attendance in nursing homes was about 6988. Lastly, the number of falls in residential aged care that required non-hospital treatments was 29790 (Watson et al., 2010). Another justification for implementing a fall prevention strategy in nursing homes is the incidence report of Queensland health facilities. Between 2007 and 2008, 11928 fall-associated clinical incidents in Queensland. 22 percent of these incidences occurred in nursing homes. Some of these incidents led to mortality or severe and permanent patient harm. Other incidents led to temporary loss of function, while a few did not cause any harm (Black Ferrar, 2011). Chen and colleagues did a study to determine the prevalence of falls in nursing homes in Australia. In this study, there were 1342 older males and females with a mean age of 86 years. Over a period of 1.97 years, approximately 6646 led to 308 fractures. Some fractures resulted in long hospitalisation and disability. This study shows that falls in nursing homes should be prevented to enhance the quality of life for the residents (Chen et al., 2008). Fall-associated ambulance attendances for Queensland also reveal the prevailing problem of falls in aged care facilities. From 2007 to 2008, there was an average of 1895 fall-linked attendances. About 24 percent of all the falls occurred in aged care facilities around Queensland. The report indicates that most of these falls needed treatment at the scene (Black Quinn, 2010). Nicholas and colleagues did a study in nursing homes in Sydney to investigate the prevalence of falls linked to Drug Burden Index. The study found that there are many falls in the aged care homes associated with the medication. In one year, there were 998 falls in 330 clients. The analysis insinuates that the average falls per person in a year is 1.74 (Wilson et al., 2011). In a study conducted in Australia between 2009 and 2010, it was found that one in five injurious falls involving an individual aged 65 years and older occurred in nursing homes and led to hospitalisation. Within the same period, the prevalence of fall injury cases in nursing homes was six times higher than in homes (Bradley, 2013). Finally, this project is supported by the AIHW report of 2005-2006. Based on this report, the largest number of fall injury incidences happened in nursing homes, which was 21.8 percent. The falls in women were 23.6 percent, while in men the falls were 17.5 percent. The report notes that in the number of falls in aged care facilities was five times higher compared to the home environment (Bradley Pointer, 2008). Recent literature suggests that individualised balance exercise is effective in reducing falls in nursing homes. One review article asserts that balance training using mechanical apparatus reduces falls in intermediate level nursing homes (Cameron et al., 2012). Besides, research found that high-intensity exercise reduces falls in older people living in aged care facilities if they enhance their balance. This study involved 191 older people living in nursing homes (Rosendahl et al., 2008). A meta-regression study found that interventions that entail balance training, excluding walking training have a significant impact in reducing falls in older adults. The meta-analysis recommends the balance exercise to be performed for about two hours per week (Sherrington et al., 2011). Raimunda and colleagues did a meta-analysis of 12 studies involving 1292 candidates to determine the effectiveness of exercise in fall and fracture prevention. Their analysis notes that balance exercises have a pr eventive impact on falls (Silva et al., 2013). The problem: A fall is an act of collapsing without control. In nursing homes, falls can be sudden and can happen at any place within the aged care facility. Exercises are designed, structure and repetitive movements to enhance or sustain certain components of physical fitness (Tiedemann et al., 2013). Key Stakeholders: (135words) Nurse assistants Nurse assistants, will act as the primary caregivers for the patients in nursing homes. They will identify residents within nursing homes who should be included in the program. Registered nurses (RNs) - RNs will be required to monitor residents who are undertaking balance exercises. They will ensure the patients maintain appropriate hygiene and receive proper nutrition. Physiotherapists These specialists will examine and treat residents who can benefit from balance exercises. Their role will be restoring and maintaining physical function within musculoskeletal systems. Orthopaedic surgeon This medical professional will be involved in examining musculoskeletal system disease among the patients. They will determine patients who are the risk of experiencing osteoporosis. Patient representatives - The patient advocates will be responsible for maintaining communication with the patients and healthcare providers in the course of the program. CPI Tool: (329 words) The CPI tool that will be used for this project is PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act). PDSA is an iterative tool appropriate for performing change or improving a process. Plan: The initial step is to plan the change that will be trailed. The process that needs improving is identified and a mission statement drafted. Additionally, the evidence is collected at this stage as well as the formation of an appropriate team (NSW Health Department, 2002). The planning stage relates to the four parts of this project which are project title, project aim, evidence that the issue is worth solving and key stakeholder analysis. Do: The trail of the proposed change is performed. In this stage, the plan is executed or set in motion. An understanding of the event is required for accurate investigation. Observations on the performance of the interventions are made in the Do stage. This stage relates to the summary and proposed intervention part of the project. Study: This stage entails the evaluation of the trail impact. The observations and data collected in the DO stage are used to determine whether the plan led to an improvement (NSW Health Department, 2002). The main aim of the Study stage is to measure whether the project aim is achieved. This stage relates to the evaluation part of the project. Act: The last stage involves the implementation of the changes that have proven to be effective. The conclusions of the project are made at this stage. If the plan led to success, the improvements are standardised and constantly used to solve the problem. This stage relates to the barriers to implement and sustain change part of the project. The PDSA could be used to address the aim and implement the intervention in the following ways. It could be used to identify and diagnose the fall problem and measure the extent of the problem. Then an appropriate intervention could be identified, implemented and re-measured to ascertain whether it has been effective. Summary of proposed interventions: (233 words) Balance control is the foundation of an individuals capacity to move, walk and function independently. The individualised balance exercises would include dual as well as multi-task exercises. These exercises have been proposed based on the understanding and principles that, balance control depends on the coordination of physiological systems, interaction with the task performed and environmental factors (Halvarsson et al., 2015). Project outline Nurse assistants conduct risk assessment will identify and refer the older adults at the aged care facilities who are the risk of falls. The nurse assistants will be required to use Physical Mobility Scale to determine the individuals who are the risk of falling. The residents of nursing homes who have been referred by nurse assistants will be examined by the RNs and orthopaedic surgeon to determine their eligibility for the balance exercises. Eligible clients will be enrolled. The physiotherapist will develop an individualised treatment for patients based on their health condition. The balance exercises will be categorised into basic, moderate and advanced levels. Basic level will include dynamic balance as well as sensory orientations. Advanced level will include stability limits, dynamic balance and sensory orientation. The advanced level will include multi-task exercises. Individualised exercises will be performed for at least 3 hours per week for 12 months. The effectiveness of the project will be evaluated in the first six months and the second at the end of the 12 months. Barriers to implementation and sustaining change: (187 words) Staff education will be one of the barriers to the implementation of the project. The aged care facility staff requires training on how to utilise risk assessment tools and should be in a position to delineate the pragmatic for conducting a fall assessment on admission. They should also be trained about predisposing and factors that might trigger falls, which can be prevented through balance exercises. This barrier can be addressed through ongoing training. Obtaining baseline data before the execution of the project is another challenge. Before the project is executed, there is a need for the current baseline for cases of falls in aged care facilities. The data would be used to determine whether previous interventions have been successful and whether the individualised balance exercise would be successful. This barrier would be addressed by conducting an initial study of the falls in nursing homes to gather the required baseline data. The cost of implementation is also a barrier. The costs would be incurred in risk management, documentation, acquisition of supplies and equipment. This barrier would be solved by involving state and territory governments to fund the project. Evaluation of the project: (122 words) The evaluation of the project would be based on outcomes to determine the advantages to the patients. Data on the number of falls in aged care facilities would be the foundation of the evaluation. A poised mixed model will be used to analyse the number of falls. This model has been used by Hewitt and colleagues to evaluate the number of falls in nursing homes (Hewitt et al., 2014). During the evaluation, data would be recorded based on the time of day, the circumstance of fall, location and activity. The data would help to determine the type of fall like accidental, predicted physiological and unpredicted physiological fall. A decline in the number of accidental falls will suggest that the project is successful. Reference Black, A. Ferrar, K., 2011. Fall-related clinical incidents reported in Queensland Health facilities, 2007- 08. Brisbane: Queensland Health. Retrived from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/435024/0708-clinicalincid.pdf Black, A. Quinn, J., 2010. Falls-related ambulance attendances for Queenslanders aged 65 years and over, 2007-08. Brisbane: Queensland Health. Retrieved from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/434877/0708-ambulance-data.pdf Bradley, C., 2013. Hospitalisations due to falls by older people, Australia 200910.. Injury research and statistics series no. 70. Cat. no. INJCAT 146. Canberra: AIHW. Retrieved from https://emsas.com.au/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/14820.pdf Bradley, C. Pointer, S., 2008. Hospitalisation due to falls by older people, Australia 200506. Injury research and statistics series number 50. Cat. no. INJCAT 122. AIHW. Retrieved from https://203.2.121.30/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442458827 Cameron, I. et al., 2012. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. The Cochrane Library, (12), p. CD005465. Chen, J. et al., 2008. Risk factors for fracture following a fall among older people in residential care facilities in Australia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(11), pp.2020-26. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01954.x/abstract Department of Health, 2012. Appendix C: comparison of with ATAPS clinical governance framework. [Online] (https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-e-evalnurs-toc~mental-pubs-e-evalnurs-app~mental-pubs-e-evalnurs-app-c#t8-4) [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Halvarsson, A., Dohm, I.-M. Stahle, A., 2015. Taking balance training for older adults one step further: the rationale for and a description of a proven balance training programme. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29(5), pp.417-25. Hewitt, J. et al., 2014. Does progressive resistance and balance exercise reduce falls in residential aged care? Randomized controlled trial protocol for the SUNBEAM program. Clin Interv Aging, 9(1), pp.369-76. Ibrahim, J.E. et al., 2017. Premature deaths of nursing home residents: an epidemiological analysis. Medical Journal of Australia, 206(10), pp.442-47. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2017/206/10/premature-deaths-nursing-home-residents-epidemiological-analysis?inline=true NSW Health Department, 2002. Easy guide to clinical practice improvement: A guide for healthcare professionals. [Online] Available at: https://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/286052/cpi-Easyguide.pdf [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Rosendahl, E. et al., 2008. A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high-intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical Exp Res, 20(1), pp.67-75. Sherrington, C. et al., 2011. Exercise to prevent falls in order adults: an update meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. NSW Public Health Bulletin, 22(3-4), pp.78-83. Silva, R.B., Eslick, G.D. Duque, G., 2013. Exercise for falls and fracture prevention in long term care facilities: A systemic review and meta-analysis. JAMDA, 14, pp.685-89. Tiedemann, A., Sherrington, C. Lord, S., 2013. The role of exercise for fall prevention in older age. Motriz: Revista de Educao Fsica, 19(3), pp.541-47. Watson, W., Clapperton, A. R, M., 2010. The incidence and cost of falls injury among older people in New South Wales 2006/07. Sydney: NSW Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/falls/Publications/incidence-cost-of-falls.pdf Wilson, N. et al., 2011. Associations Between Drug Burden Index and Falls in Older People in Residential Aged Care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(5), pp.875-80. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21539525

Romeo free essay sample

English IINovember 24, 2013 The Differences between versions of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, can be changed in a variety of ways in order to help different audiences understand the very complex and tragic play. Two particular films that can compare in contrast are Gnomeo and Juliet, the Disney movie and the Leonardo DiCaprio version of Romeo and Juliet. While there are few similarities between the two films, the differences are evident; these prominent differences can be seen in the main characters, the plot, and intended audience. In Gnomeo and Juliet, the two characters meet completely by coincidence. They spotted a flower that they found marvelous and stunning, and Just happened to go out of both of their lawns Just to retrieve it at the same exact time, meeting and instantly becoming interested in one another. They were unaware that each was a descendant of the other family; contrastingly in Romeo and Juliet, they met at a cordial event; they were also unaware of the significant dissimilarity between their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although both versions of the play result in Romeo pursuing Juliet, the differences can be easily distinguished. In Gnomeo and Juliet, Gnomeo marries Juliet after the family feud resolves, unlike in the DiCaprio film, where Romeo and Juliet are secretly wedded without the knowledge of their parents. Considering the similarities, both characters in mutual movies fall in love at first sight, further leading to the constant need to see one another, which as in both movies, they began seeing each other in secret. As well as in the main characters, evident differences can be seen in the plot of the two movies, Romeo and Juliet andGnomeo and Juliet. Gnomeo and Juliets plot consists of the two main haracters falling in love by the male character having to win the admiration of the female character. After earning the disapproval of the female character, the male character strives to achieve his purpose of earning her love throughout the course of the animated film. In contrast, in Romeo and Juliet, the two main characters have a mutual admiration for each other. Throughout the film, the two characters attempt to achieve their purpose of seeing each other without the knowledge or consent of either set of parents. These contrasting plots prove the evident differences between the two previously mentioned movies. Furthermore, the contrast of the two movies Romeo and Juliet and Gnomeo and Juliet can be further seen in the differences of the intended audiences of the two films. The animated and light aspects of the film prove that the film intends to reach a younger demographic. In contrast, the filmRomeo and Juliet has a more serious and intimate setting, proving that this film attempts to reach out to a more mature audience. Overall, the differences between the main characters, plots, and intended audiences of the two films Romeo and Julietand Gnomeo and Juliet are significantly evident. romeo By keirakekkk

The Physics of Bridges essays

The Physics of Bridges essays Bridges are a very important part of everyday life. They can save hours in traveling time each day or connect to pieces of land together. The everyday man may not appreciate them but they are by engineers and fans of physics. Bridges are perfect examples of physics. There are different types of bridges, each with a specific purpose. The ones that we chose to talk about are beam, arches, and suspension bridges. Beam bridges are the cheapest type of bridge to make. They are the most simplest to construct compared to the others. The simplest form of a beam bridge would if you took a board of any size and placed it over two desk that are closer than the boards length. If the gap is to great or too much of a load is added then the board will sag greatly. This may be solved if, the thickness of the board is increased or there are supports that are put in. The arch bridge is one of the oldest forms of a bridge. It is like a inverted suspension bridge, with all the tension replaced by compression, and vice versa. There are differences in the stability of the system. An example would be if you, hung a rope across a gap, and it will return to its original position, after some oscillation. Though you cannot hang it in the shape of an arch, even if it could be done the slightest disturbance would send it flying. One reason that an arch bridge has good support is that the volume between the road and the arches is it is filled with masonry, which adds rigidity. The other is that the arch has substantial thickness, so that even with variation in the load, the line of thrust passes through the voussoirs. Suspension bridges are the light and strong and can span distances of 2,000 to 7,000 feet, which is far longer than any other type. Though they are very good they are the most expensive. What a suspension bridge does it suspends the roadway from huge main cables, which extend from one end ...

HUM112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HUM112 - Essay Example What he is basically doing here is to avoid prior philosophical prejudices and embark on his journey with something fresh. It is the accumulation of his thought process that he summarizes the direction he takes as ‘I am thinking, therefore I exist’. He cannot doubt this knowledge which makes it easy for him to vouch for this fact. So the direction of his thoughts is built on ‘clear and distinct perception’; headed in a direction towards things that are purely impossible to doubt. This is when I was sure that the ending would be very different from the way that the reading had begun. And I was correct in the way the surprise ending was Descartes ends up confirming that God formulates the truth of apparent and distinct perceptions. 2) Since you were expecting a different ending, evaluate how successful the author was in convincing you to accept the validity of the â€Å"surprise ending† that was not clearly suggested at the beginning. Well while I appre ciate the interesting conclusion that the reading takes there are certain points that lead me to think that the evidence and argument that Descartes has put up to validate God are neither original nor very satisfying.

Photosynethesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photosynethesis - Essay Example 1). The name ‘photosynthesis’ (a chemical change process) is derived from Latin terminology, ‘formation of light’. The ‘formation of light’ process is important in the sustenance of the food chain in which â€Å"all human food energy and the food energy of many living organisms are directly or indirectly derived from the photosynthetic processes† (Gale Science, 2011, p. 1). For example, an organism (i.e. a cow) eats plants and, therefore, consumes the plant energy that was generated via photosynthesis; this is energy indirectly via photosynthesis. â€Å"Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce carbohydrates and molecular oxygen, (O2) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). 6CO2 + 6H2O – sunlight – C6H12O6 + 6O2 Virtually all ecosystems on earth depend on photosynthesis as their source of energy. Incredibly, all free oxygen on the planet, including atmospheric oxygen, originates fro m photosynthesis† (Robinson, 2009, p. 1). The following articles analyze and demonstrate current research on the topic of ‘photosynthesis’. Each is concerned with scientific research and measurable analysis of the photosynthetic processes. The test methods of certain scientific questions and studies offer unique theoretical insights, and interpretations of scientific methodologies. Article #1: â€Å"Comparing light-conversion efficiency of plants and manmade solar cells† by Durham, Sharon (2012). Agricultural Research. (60.1)7. In this scientific article written by researcher Sharon Durham (2012), the research study question is asked†¦ â€Å"When using light energy, how do manmade photo cells compare to a plant’s photosynthesis†? (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Explain what the scientist were testing During scientific inquiry, scientist from the Agricultural Research Service conducted a study in which comparisons were drawn between plant cells and photovoltaic cells – how efficiently each cell type converted sunlight into energy. The significance of purpose of the study was to find out how scientists and researchers â€Å"could improve plant photosynthesis – a critical first link in the global supply chain for food, fiber, and bioenergy production† (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Explain (briefly) how they tested it Scientists conducted detailed-oriented scientific methodology and measurement to compare plant cell and manmade solar cell photosynthetic processes. Research leader, Donald Ort, conducts scientific studies on photosynthesis from his field office – the ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit in Urbana, Illinois. According to Ort (2012), â€Å"scientists know that plants are not as efficient as manmade solar cells at converting light into energy. But there is a way of comparing the two systems more accurately. The study identified specific redesigns that hold excellent promise for impro ving efficiency† (Ort, 2012, p. 1). Researchers set comparison standards, first considering current technology then strategies for improvements. Explain what they found As noted by S. Durham (2012), â€Å"†¦comparing the two systems is a challenge. Although both processes harvest energy from sunlight, they use the energy in different ways. Plants convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy, whereas, solar cells produce electricity† (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Research scientist, Ort, points out†¦ â€Å"While, in context of our efficiency analysis, solar cells have a clear advantage compared to photosynthesis. There is a need to apply

Landing on the moon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landing on the moon - Research Paper Example The attempt to reach the moon dates back to the mid-20th century. On 13th of September 1959, the Soviet Union made the first object that landed on the surface of the moon. Luna 2 was the name of the spacecraft and was sent without a human accompaniment because of the potential risk that was involved. Despite being the first spacecraft to reach the moon, it was the second to be launched in the direction of the moon after the unsuccessful Luna 1. Through Luna 2’s movement to the moon, various discoveries were made about the moon. It was established that there was no significant magnetic field on the surface of the moon. In addition, there was never found any evidence of the presence of radiation belts in the moon (NASA 1). The United States also made an effort to have a spacecraft to the moon. This led to the landing of Ranger 4 to the moon in 1962 opening up more opportunities for the expansion of the aviation industry. The reaching of man to the moon was another milestone in the exploration of the moon. On July 20th, 1969 Apollo 11, a spacecraft owned by the United States landed on the surface of the moon with its astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. This was the first manned spacecraft in the history of moon landings (NASA 1). However, afterwards, there have been other manned as well as unmanned spacecraft that have found their way into the surface of the moon. Between the first manned landings in 1969 to 1972, up to twelve astronauts reached the surface of the moon. Landing to the moon is not a simple affair; it is characterized by a sophisticated technology. A rocket is the equipment that was developed to break the gravity of the earth hence getting to the surface of the moon where there is no gravity. A rocket is propelled to the space where it continues to increase in speed even in vacuum. This

Impact of Alcohol Misuse on Parenting Capacity

Impact of Alcohol Misuse on Parenting Capacity Introduction: Alcohol and substance abuse has been found to adversely affect the ability of parents to attend to the emotional, developmental and physical necessities of children. Several governmental and health policies have provisions of services to support parents who engage in substance misuse or neglect children (NHS, 2005). Most research focus on the implications of mothers using drugs and the usual treatment method is counselling or residential programmes. Very few research studies have evaluated the impact of substance misuse on parenting capacity along with other disadvantageous conditions such as poverty and unemployment. For parental support services confidentiality is maintained about the parental condition although children often get to know of their parents’ misuse and may feel a sense of shame at their parents condition and at the same time have a fear of being separated from their parents (Barnard, 1999). A recent government framework document has defined parenting capacity as ‘the ability of parents or caregivers to ensure that the child’s developmental needs are being appropriately and adequately responded to, to be able to adapt to the child’s changing needs over time.’ The child’s needs include providing the basic physical needs as well as ‘ensuring the child’s emotional needs are met and giving the child a sense of being specially valued’. According to the Department of Health, ‘Securing the wellbeing of children by protecting them from all forms of harm and ensuring their developmental needs are responded to appropriately are primary aims of Government policy. Local authority social services departments working with other local authority departments and health authorities have a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in their area who are in need and to promote the upbringing of such children, wherever po ssible by their families, through providing an appropriate range of services’(Department of Health, 2000). Promoting the child’s intellectual development is also an important aspect of parenting as the child can develop only through encouragement and stimulation and through demonstrating and modelling control of inappropriate emotions and showing acceptable social behaviour providing a stable family environment. Thus adequate parenting capacity involves attending to the emotional, intellectual and physical needs of a child and promoting a healthy and supportive family environment (Children Act, 1989) Substance misuse, as identified by governmental health department covers both drug and alcohol misuse which is considered to have an adverse impact on the health and behaviour of parents and also on the lives and emotions of the children (Sher 1991). Excessive alcohol consumption severely affects the behaviour of the person who engages in drinking although there are differences in social perception of drug and alcohol use. Drug abuse carries with it more social stigma than alcohol misuse and may be consequently concealed from the family. In this essay we would give a statistical report on the nature and extent of substance misuse especially in Scotland and provide Scottish executive guidelines for child care in cases of parental substance misuse. The impact of parental alcohol misuse has been discussed in detail along with protective measures and social care policies that can provide adequate care to the vulnerable children. The Problem of Alcohol Misuse Alcohol misuse however causes substantial deaths, injuries and health problems and rates of drinking are high in the UK, within Wales and Scotland as well (NHS, 2005). In 1996, an estimated 27% male and 14% females drank beyond limits. 6% of men and 2% of women drink at levels which are considered dangerous. The age at which young people begin drinking is also decreasing rapidly (Department of Health, 2000). Alcohol consumption is the major factor in causing injuries and has been associated with most accidents and drowning deaths. Alcohol also causes significant health problems associated with hypertension, haemorrhages, stroke, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, alcohol dependence as well as social and behavioural problems. Is has been reported that in Accidents and Emergency departments, 80% of people admitted have alcohol related problems (NHS, 2005). Educational messages, informational campaigns and personal behavioural-change interventions are important in raising awarenes s on the potential dangers of alcohol and the importance of maintaining safe limits in alcohol consumption. Minimal or brief interventions are given at a primary care level and trained nurses provide care and support which are sometimes quite effective in reducing drinking. Family social learning and family social processes are an important influence on adolescent alcohol misuse and more research may be necessary to understand the effectiveness of including family members in group alcohol prevention programmes and the role of parenting skills in prevention of alcohol misuse (Kroll, 2004). The workplace can be another influential factor in reducing or increasing alcohol consumption. Interventions for behavioural modification have to be related to workplace alcohol consumption policy. The UK home office suggests that Rights and responsibilities in relation to alcohol are important in a Government’s approach to alcohol. Although most people drink responsibly but there is general agreement that the scale of disorder fuelled by alcohol is also quite high. According to the Home Office, in 2002/03, 1.2million violent crimes were alcohol related and 44% of all violent crime was fuelled by alcohol. 35% of all attendances at hospital accident and emergency departments are related to alcohol as are 70% of those which occur between midnight and 5 am (Home Office report, 2005). One in five violent incidents due to over-consumption of alcohol takes place around pubs or clubs. All this involves a high cost with crime and disorder resulting in losses of up to  £7.3 billion in a year. According to the NHS – Alcohol Misuse, Chief Nursing Officer Bulletin, 2005. According to Scottish executive 2001, there may be certain differences between alcohol misuse, alcohol problems and alcoholism. The term ‘alcohol misuse’ might refer to a less serious or frequent problem than alcoholism as it may not refer to any addiction but on having alcohol for the sake of it. Alcohol misuse has been largely associated with over-consumption or binge drinking which may be different from habitual consumption. Social or medical services related to alcohol consumption are perceived as curative rather than preventative and people generally seek help after becoming dependent on alcohol and not prior to this. Alcohol problems are associated with daily life problems that begin to take over a person’s life and begin to affect personal behaviour. Alcohol dependency is sometimes seen as an alcohol problem although alcohol problem is more defined not by the amount of alcohol being consumed but by the impact it has on the lives of people around a person wh o engages in such habits. However alcohol physical and emotional dependency is related to alcoholism rather than alcohol misuse or alcohol problems and alcoholics are usually the ones who tend to hide their problems and their dependency which is usually marked by physical helplessness. Extreme misuse of alcohol is again seen as alcoholism although some service providers use the term ‘alcoholic’ with some discretion as some patients may be less comfortable with the term which may even be harmful and detrimental to treatment. Statistics on Alcohol Misuse – The following interesting statistics have been provided by Scottish Executive Publications on Alcohol Misuse: Source: Scottish Executive Publications – Statistics on Alcohol Misuse. Table 1 Casualties which involved motor vehicle drivers or riders with illegal alcohol levels by severity of accident, Scotland *above current drink-drive limit of 80mg alcohol per 100ml of blood [Road Accidents Scotland 2000 SE 2001] The severity of the problem of alcohol consumption could be seen from the report presented which indicates that alcohol related deaths, violence, mental illness, emergency admissions and road accidents have all gone up in the last few years with the UK alcohol consumption also showing a steep rise in the late 90s and early 2000. These problems are especially reflected in parental alcohol consumption cases which have severe adverse impacts on children. Promoting Child Welfare – The Perspective from Scottish Executive The Scottish Executive documents provide the following vision for the welfare of Scottish children: ‘A Scotland in which every child matters, where every child, regardless of his or her family background, has the best possible start in life’. Two important documents have been released for these purposes. ‘For Scotland’s Children’, which was published in 2001, gave advice on how better to integrate children’s services and the ‘Report of the Child Protection Audit and Review 2002’, aimed to improve services for children who experience abuse or neglect at home or elsewhere. The Child Protection Review (2002) states: â€Å"The problems of neglect and problem drug or alcohol use are often related, particularly where household finances are spent on drink or drugs, or the behaviour of the parents or their associates impact on the child’s welfare. Some problems are intergenerational, particularly neglect. We have concerns about the future well being of a large number of children who are now being born into drug misusing families, and ensuring their better protection must be a priority.† Child Protection Committees, Drug/Alcohol Action Teams, and agencies involved in preparing Children’s Service Plans should ensure that all agencies agree on how they will work together to protect children, support families and provide appropriate services (Daniel, 2004). Tackling all kinds of substance misuse is a high priority for the people of Scotland and the Scottish Executive and all methods need to be developed according to Scottish National strategies. One such strategy is Tackling Drugs in Scotland: Action in Partnership and the Plan for Action on Alcohol Problems. Scottish Executive Committee recognises that although not every family with substance misuse experience difficulties, parental substance misuse can have significant and damaging consequences for children at home. The Committee proposes that such children are entitled to help, support and protection even within their own families although sometimes help from agencies are necessary for their safety and security. Parents are also required to support their children and help children to overcome their problems by promoting children’s full potential. The national drugs strategy calls for agencies to assess the needs of children who are neglected by parents on drug misuse and help provide services to these children for their safety and welfare. The Scottish executive has provided guidance to all Drug Action Teams and Child Protection Committees and encouraged these organisations to have local policies on support to help children of drug misusing parents. Within the specified Alcohol Plan for action, children of problem drinkers are also identified as a group with specific needs. Drug and Alcohol Action Teams look at the needs of children whose parents misuse alcohol. The main tenets of the Scottish Executive are given as follows: 1. Children’s welfare is the most important consideration; 2. It is everyone’s responsibility to ensure that children are protected from harm; 3. We should help children early and not wait for crises – or tragedies – to occur; and 4. We must work together, in planning and delivering services, in assessment and care planning with families, and in multi-disciplinary training. According to the Scottish executive, as there is currently, no national database of problem alcohol users in Scotland, data on alcohol use come from a number of sources: †¢ in 2000, 26% of all women and 44% of all men drank more than twice the daily benchmark on their heaviest drinking day †¢ the proportion of women aged 16-64 drinking more than the weekly recommended limits increased from 13% to 15% from 1995 to 1998 †¢ young people, aged 16-24, in Scotland are drinking more; average weekly consumption in young people aged 16-24 has risen from 1995-1998 for both sexes †¢ men living in the most deprived areas of Scotland are seven times more likely to die an alcohol-related death than those in the least deprived areas †¢ 72% of victims of violent crime reported that their assailant was under the influence of alcohol Recent estimates has also suggested that 40,000-60,000 children in Scotland are affected by their parents’ drug use and 80,000-100,000 are affected by parental alcohol misuse. The following examples give data from two urban areas – Glasgow and Dundee – I A local study of children’s cases, in which Glasgow City Council had sought Child Protection Orders between 1998 and 1999, found that of 111 Orders made on children in 62 families, 44 (40%) cited drug-related risk. 47 of the children were named on the local child protection register, 27 because of concerns about neglect and 16 for physical injury (Quinlan, 2000 cited in Scottish Executive 2002). Source: Scottish Executive II- In Dundee the proportion of children subject to child protection case conferences whose parents were recorded as having problems with alcohol and/or drug misuse, rose from 37% in 1998/1999 to 70% in 2000. Of the 30 children on the child protection register in October 2000, 53% had parents with problems associated with drug and/or alcohol misuse. Source: Scottish Executive The Impact of Parent’s Substance Misuse on Children According to Mountenay (1998) parental substance misuse is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of problems in children. However, alcohol and substance misuse greatly increases the risks of family problems and substance misuse in parents can become a focal issue of life and social behaviour of children at home. Mountenay (1998) has further claimed that long term drug or alcohol misuse in parents lead to deteriorating mental health and permanent mental problems for children. Alcohol dependence causes severe problems in households and the fact that drug use is illegal can cause similar problems among children who perceive the problems of their parents with considerable shame and disgust. The problem of children is however mainly ill-researched and less known and they are seen as hidden tragedies or unseen casualties (Wilson, 1982) Due to parental substance misuse, children may be at high risks of maltreatment, emotional and physical neglect, family conflict and inappropriate parental behaviour (Barlow, 1996). Children may be exposed to or get associated with drug or alcohol related crimes and as a consequence they are more likely to show behavioural problems and experience social stigma and isolation and may also themselves become substance mis-users as adults. Since parents on drugs and alcohol spend a lot of time on buying, assessing or obtaining these substances, their emotional or social relationships with their children are hampered as they do not have much time or availability for their children. This problem is especially acute in single parent household and in economically deprived areas, especially when there is no support from relatives or family members. Households in which drug or alcohol abuse is common is characterised by violence, criminal activity and poor or unstable environments. Drug or alcohol dependent parents ultimately make poor relationships and have strained and conflictual relationships with their children. Parents may fail to keep up or perform their parental duties and provide ineffective supervision, inconsistent care or overly punitive or strict discipline which may strain their relations with the children. There may be deficiencies in parenting skills of parents which may in turn have been imbibed from the parents of the drug users who served as poor role models. Barlow (1996) claimed that children of drug using parents may in the long term show serve social and motional difficulties, and may show strong reactions against change, isolation, with difficulty in learning, problems with social humour and estrangement and isolation from family and peers. However the impact of parental alcohol or drug misuse varies according to the age of children and according to which developmental stage they are in. The impact also depends on abilities of children. Children with physical or learning disabilities or with some health problems may be more vulnerable to emotional difficulties due to their parents’ conditions and parents involved in substance misuse may have difficulties in understanding these especially sensitive children or meeting their needs. Thus assessment of care quality and parental support should always consider each child individually. Infants in their pre-school years and babies in general are particularly vulnerable to effects of physical and emotional injury and neglect and this can have damaging effects on their long term development and social adjustment. Neglect can happen when the parent in care is in an alcoholic or drugged condition and unaware of the child’s needs or reactions. Parental commitment to care for children is severely affected when in drugged or alcoholic condition and can lead to inappropriate responses to the questions or concerns of the child. The parents in drugged or alcoholic state may be unhappy, tensed or irritated and can even injure or harm the child under the influence of such conditions (Forrester, 2000). Poor and inconsistent parenting damages the attachment process and unpredictable parental behaviour hinders the child’s cognitive and emotional development. Substance misuse is usually an expensive vice and there may be financial demands on the parents which mean mon ey would be wasted and not used appropriately to improve a child’s material environment. Physical or emotional rejection in such household can prevent children from developing a positive sense of self esteem or even a sense of identity and children may have their physical needs neglected and tend to remain unwashed, uncared and unfed (Sher, 1991). Children may be beaten up and be subjected to direct physical violence and by witnessing direct domestic abuse, they may themselves learn inappropriate behaviour which may take the form of post traumatic stress disorder in which they display emotional symptoms if parental behaviour becomes unpredictable and frightening. Older or primary school children are at increased risks of injury and they may show symptoms of fear of hostility with parents and also anxiety. The gender of the children play an important role and girls may show different reactions to such parental behaviour than boys. Although boys tend to show behavioural problems like aggressiveness, girls can be equally affected. At this stage, poor parental supervision and parental neglect or disinterest can lead to failure in academic attainment and children’s attendance to school can become irregular or erratic. Separation from parents can also cause distress and disrupt social behaviour and academic achievement (Kroll, 2004). Parental behaviour can lead to feelings of embarrassment and shame in these individuals and may be responsible for making children socially isolated for fear of humiliation by friends. Children can also start taking responsibilities for themselves and their younger siblings and may become too independent trying to move away from home and family life. Children and adolescent with drug or alcohol problems at home may not attend school and become delinquent. They may become isolated with no friends, may reject family altogether and experience significant disruption in their education (McKeganey et al, 2002). Without parental support children at adolescence and puberty may have to face increased problems although they may become increasingly beyond parental control. Sexual aggression, bullying tendencies and emotional disturbances may accompany concerns of shame and embarrassment in children to compensate physical neglect by parents. Children with parental substance misuse might develop an early problem of drug and alcohol abuse themselves. Chandy et al (1993) discuss that children of alcoholics constitute an at-risk population and their study attempted to understand the impact of parental alcohol misuse on school performance of children. They used a sample of 838 teenagers from alcohol misusing parents and found that these teenagers performed significantly poorer in all the six measurements of school performance. The study identified that the teenagers who did perform well in school said that their parents have high expectations of them and these teenagers rated themselves highly in terms of health and also claimed to be religious and thus religiousness and parental expectations could be considered as protective factors as identified in this study. In another study by CoSandra et al. (2000) the effects of parental alcohol use on African American and White adults were studied. The study results indic

The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1920’s The 1920’s where a time of conservatism, it was a time of great social change. From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to produce the most explosive decade of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, which made alcohol illegal. It was called the Prohibition Amendment. This was known as the â€Å"Noble Experiment†. All importing, exporting, selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcohol were illegal. The older people favored this amendment. They felt that alcohol was bad because of the way people behaved after drinking. People thought that crime, death rates and poverty would decrease now because alcohol was illegal. The younger generation did not like this amendment. Many people did not really listen to the law. The law actually increased the amount of people drinking alcohol. Some people would try and make alcohol in their own homes. This was called â€Å"bathtub gin†. Alcohol would be smuggled from Canada during the twenties (Microsoft Encarta, 1999). Saloons that used to serve liquor were now called speak-easies. Instead of reducing the crimes rates, crime was actually greater. Organized crime w as developed because of Prohibition. Sometimes police were bribed and went along with what was going on and would not do anything. The death rates were much higher than before. â€Å"Prohibition destroyed legal jobs, created black-market violence, diverted resources from enforcement of other laws and increased prices people had to pay for prohibited goods† (Thorton, Mark 1991). Al Capone was one of the most powerful bootleggers in Chicago, there were many gangs rivales due to prohibition the people who were bootlegging became wealthy because many people wanted alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1920’s, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, which gave women the right to vote. During this decade women became strong and more independent. Women were accomplishing a lot more than they had before. Women started going to college so she could earn her own living. More women started leaving the home and working at a factory or as a secretary. Women were discriminated at the work place. They received lower wages then man did. In the 1920’s, the term flapper was introduced. It was first used in Britain after World War 1. Young women were labeled as flappers who wore makeup shorter skirts. Fl... ...hat followed, forty billion dollars were lost. The Great Depression had started. The 1920’s was a decade that changes American life. Frederick Lewis Allen describes the twenties as a â€Å"revolution in manners and morals.† The twenties has been named all types of nicknames, such as: â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, â€Å"The Era of Wonderful Nonsense†, â€Å"The Decade of the Dollar†, â€Å"The Period of the Psyche†, â€Å" Dry Decade† and the age of â€Å"Alcohol and Al Capone† (Gales Research, 1998). During the twenties, the way Americans lived had changed. The 1920’s was a time in history that has been remembered for its great prosperity but also for its great loss. The Great Depression is what ended the Roaring Twenties. Works Cited Gales Research. 1998. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1999. Movies, Music, and Sports of the 1920’s. 9 March. 2003 http://www.albany.edu/ The Roaring Twenties Hitchhikers Guide- lectures with links and Photos H102   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lecture 09. 9 March. 2003 http://evip.fresno.com/ Thorton, Mark. â€Å"Policy Analysis: Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure.† July 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1991. Online. Netscape. 23 April 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Mbti Analysis

Identify the 4 letter MBTI preference for each member of your team. Harun INAK: ESFJ Koray OKSAY: ESFJ Deniz KORKMAZ: ENTP Ayd? n BIRIK: ENTP Firdevs TUNC: INFP Our group is an ENFP. 2. What is your team's MBTI profile (#E /#I, #S /#N, #T / #F, # J / #P? What does the MBTI profile tell you about the way your team may work together (strengths and potential challenges)? †¢ Team: ENFP †¢ E = 4 / I = 1 †¢ S = 2 / N = 3 †¢ T = 2 / F =3 †¢ J = 2 / P = 3 Our group is an ENFP. All other types exist in our group. This is the strength for us and we have good communication skills. We are mostly very perceptive about people's thought and motives and strive for â€Å"win-win† situations as motivational, inspirational; bring out the best in others We have some potential challenges in group; we are not good at conflict and critism. We mostly are easily bored with routine, repetitive tasks and don't pay attention to their own needs 3. How will you work together to leverage your strengths and potential challenges? Our biggest strenght is all other types exist in our group; We have two T (thinker) thats mean Deniz and Aydin are comfortable with conflict and tend to point of view then chances. We have two S (sensing) Koray and Harun are patient with routine, tested ideas. 4. What did your team learn from applying and discussing the tool for this week? Our team learned a lot while discussing the tool ,and it contributed a lot to our intercommunication skills within the team. First of all, we had more clear understanding of each others priorities and working character. During the project we will delegate tasks based on the results of our individual characters. Secondly, we understood that we have such a distributed and diverse Psychological Types in our team which gives us a lot of room for development, and accomplishment against various types of problems. Our team is made out of very different types making us capable of approaching at challenges in different aspects. As a result, we learned that our team is evenly distributed and has a very good balance. 5. Based on your analysis, what specific steps will your team take to improve the way you work We definitely need a meeting as it is decided Tuesday in the team charter. At that meeting, that week's assignment and all the deliverables must be determined to overcome possible confusion before due time. Meeting agenda is important to stay focused on the assignment. These 2 step should be followed strictly to prevent possible conflicts.

Battle of Thermopylae in the Persian Wars

Battle of Thermopylae in the Persian Wars The Battle of Thermopylae is believed to have been fought in August 480 BC, during the Persian Wars (499 BC-449 BC). Having been turned back at Marathon in 490 BC, Persian forces returned to Greece ten years later to avenge their defeat and conquer the peninsula. Responding, an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Athens and Sparta, assembled a fleet and an army to oppose the invaders. While the former engaged the Persians at Artemisium, the latter assumed a defensive position at the narrow Pass of Thermopylae. At Thermopylae, the Greeks blocked the pass and beat back Persian assaults for two days. On the third, the Persians were able to flank the Greek position after being a shown a mountain path by a Trachinian traitor named Ephialtes. While the bulk of the Greek army retreated, a force of 300 Spartans led by Leonidas I as well as 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians remained to cover the withdrawal. Attacked by the Persians, the Spartans and Thespians famously fought to the death. Advancing south after their victory, the Persians captured Athens before being defeated at Salamis that September. Background Having been turned back by the Greeks in 490 BC at the Battle of Marathon, the Persians elected to begin preparing a larger expedition to subjugate Greece. Initially planned by Emperor Darius I, the mission fell to his son Xerxes when he died in 486. Intended as a full-scale invasion, the task of assembling the necessary troops and supplies consumed several years. Marching from Asia Minor, Xerxes intended to bridge the Hellespont and advance on Greece through Thrace. The army was to be supported by a large fleet which would move along the coast. As a previous Persian fleet had been wrecked off Mount Athos, Xerxes intended to build a canal across the mountains isthmus. Learning of Persian intentions, the Greek city-states began making preparations for war. Though possessing a weak army, Athens commenced building a large fleet of triremes under the guidance of Themistocles. In 481, Xerxes demanded tribute from the Greeks in an effort to avoid war. This was refused and the Greeks met that fall to form an alliance of the city-states under the leadership of Athens and Sparta. United, this congress would have the power to dispatch troops to defend the region. Greek Plans With war nearing, the Greek congress met again in the spring of 480. In the discussions, the Thessalians recommended establishing a defensive position at the Vale of Tempe to block the Persians advance. This was vetoed after Alexander I of Macedon informed the group that the position could be flanked through the Sarantoporo Pass. Receiving news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont, a second strategy was put forward by Themistocles which called for making at stand at the pass of Thermopylae. A narrow passage, with a cliff on one side and the sea on the other, the pass was the gateway to southern Greece. Battle of Thermopylae Conflict: Persian Wars (499-449 BC)Dates: 480 BCArmies Commanders:PersiansXerxesMardoniusapprox. 70,000GreeksLeonidas IDemophilusThemistoclesapprox. 5,200-11,200 menCasualties:Greeks: approx. 4,000 (Herodotus)Persians: approx. 20,000 (Herodotus) The Greeks Move This approach was agreed to as it would negate the Persians overwhelming numerical superiority and the Greek fleet could provide support in the Straits of Artemisium. In August, word reached the Greeks that the Persian army was nearing. The timing proved problematic for the Spartans as it coincided with the feast of Carneia and the Olympic truce. Though the de facto leaders of the alliance, the Spartans were prohibited from engaging in military activity during these celebrations. Meeting, the leaders of Sparta decided that the situation was significantly urgent to dispatch troops under one of their kings, Leonidas. Moving north with 300 men from the royal guard, Leonidas gathered additional troops en route to Thermopylae. Arriving, he elected to establish a position at the middle gate where the pass was the narrowest and the Phocians had previously built a wall. Alerted that a mountain trail existed that could flank the position, Leonidas dispatched 1,000 Phocians to guard it. In mid-August, the Persian army was sighted across the Malian Gulf. Sending an emissary to negotiate with the Greeks, Xerxes offered freedom and better land in return for their obedience (Map). Fighting at the Pass Refusing this offer, the Greeks were then ordered to lay down their weapons. To this Leonidas reputedly replied, Come and get them. This reply made battle inevitable, though Xerxes took no action for four days. The constricted topography of Thermopylae was ideal for a defensive stand by the armored Greek hoplites as they could not be flanked and the more lightly armed Persians would be forced into a frontal assault. On the morning of the fifth day, Xerxes sent troops against Leonidas position with the goal of capturing the Allied army. Approaching, they had little choice but to attack the Greeks. Fighting in a tight phalanx in front of the Phocian wall, the Greeks inflicted massive losses on the attackers. As the Persians kept coming, Leonidas rotated units through the front to prevent fatigue. With the failure of the first assaults, Xerxes ordered an attack by his elite Immortals later in the day. Surging forward, they fared no better and were unable to move the Greeks. The next day, believing that the Greeks had been significantly weakened by their exertions, Xerxes attacked again. As on the first day, these efforts were turned back with heavy casualties. A Traitor Turns the Tide As a the second day was coming to a close, a Trachinian traitor named Ephialtes arrived in Xerxes camp and informed the Persian leader about the mountain trail around the pass. Taking advantage of this information, Xerxes ordered Hydarnes to take a large force, including the Immortals, on a flanking march over the trail. At daybreak on the third day, the Phocians guarding the path were stunned to see the advancing Persians. Attempting to make a stand, they formed on a nearby hill but were bypassed by Hydarnes. Alerted to the betrayal by a Phocian runner, Leonidas called a council of war. While most favored an immediate retreat, Leonidas decided to stay at the pass with his 300 Spartans. They were joined by 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians, while the remainder of the army fell back. While there are many theories regarding Leonidas choice, including the idea that Spartans never retreated, it was most likely a strategic decision as a rearguard was necessary to prevent the Persian cavalry from running down the retreating army. As the morning progressed, Xerxes began another frontal assault on the pass. Pushing forward, the Greeks met this attack at a wider point in the pass with the goal of inflicting maximum losses on the enemy. Fighting to the last, the battle saw Leonidas killed and the two sides struggle for his body. Increasingly overwhelmed, the surviving Greeks fell back behind the wall and made a last stand on a small hill. While the Thebans ultimately surrendered, the other Greeks fought to the death. With the elimination of Leonidas remaining force, the Persians claimed the pass and opened the road into southern Greece. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Thermopylae are not known with any certainty, but may have been as high as 20,000 for the Persians and around 2,000-4,000 for the Greeks. With the defeat on land, the Greek fleet withdrew south after the Battle of Artemisium. As the Persians advanced south, capturing Athens, the remaining Greek troops began fortifying the Isthmus of Corinth with the fleet in support. In September, Themistocles succeeded in winning a critical naval victory at the Battle of Salamis which forced the bulk of Persian troops to withdraw back to Asia. The invasion was brought to an end the following year after the Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea. One of the most famous battles of this time period, the story of Thermopylae has been recounted in numerous books and films through the years.

Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study

Piagetian Video Case Study I began Michael-Joseph with Piaget’s task Conservation of Numbers by lining up two identical rows horizontally of three small stick pretzels. I asked, â€Å"Do both rows have the same number of pretzels?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Then I lengthened one row by placing one extra pretzel and asked him, â€Å"Now does one row have more pretzels in it than the other row?† He answered, â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Matter was the next task. I placed two identical balls of play dough (same size and shape) in front of Michael-Joseph. I asked, â€Å"Do these two balls have the same amount of play dough in them?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Without adding play dough, I changed the shape of one ball by flattening it. I asked him if he now thought that one of the play dough’s had more? His response was â€Å"no†. In conducting the Conservation of Length, I aligned vertically two unsharpened pencils (same length) in front of Michael-Joseph and asked, â€Å"Are these two pencils the same length?† His reply was â€Å"yes†. Without changing the size, I moved one pencil to the right and asked, â€Å"Now are the two pencils the same length?† Michael-Joseph answered â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Volume was the last task I conducted on Michael-Joseph. Measuring cup he observed me pour 1 cup of water into two identical glasses and dropping two identical play dough balls in each glass. I asked him if the balls moved the same amount of water in each glass he answered â€Å"yes†. Then I took one ball and changed its shape and placed it back into the cup of water. â€Å"Will the balls still move equal amounts of water in each glass?† Michael-Joseph answered, â€Å"yes†. Piaget’s tasks clearly represent Michael-Joseph at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. When conducting each task he was able to solve each task in a logical fashion. During the tasks his recognition of the physical world aided him to re... Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study Piagetian Video Case Study I began Michael-Joseph with Piaget’s task Conservation of Numbers by lining up two identical rows horizontally of three small stick pretzels. I asked, â€Å"Do both rows have the same number of pretzels?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Then I lengthened one row by placing one extra pretzel and asked him, â€Å"Now does one row have more pretzels in it than the other row?† He answered, â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Matter was the next task. I placed two identical balls of play dough (same size and shape) in front of Michael-Joseph. I asked, â€Å"Do these two balls have the same amount of play dough in them?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Without adding play dough, I changed the shape of one ball by flattening it. I asked him if he now thought that one of the play dough’s had more? His response was â€Å"no†. In conducting the Conservation of Length, I aligned vertically two unsharpened pencils (same length) in front of Michael-Joseph and asked, â€Å"Are these two pencils the same length?† His reply was â€Å"yes†. Without changing the size, I moved one pencil to the right and asked, â€Å"Now are the two pencils the same length?† Michael-Joseph answered â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Volume was the last task I conducted on Michael-Joseph. Measuring cup he observed me pour 1 cup of water into two identical glasses and dropping two identical play dough balls in each glass. I asked him if the balls moved the same amount of water in each glass he answered â€Å"yes†. Then I took one ball and changed its shape and placed it back into the cup of water. â€Å"Will the balls still move equal amounts of water in each glass?† Michael-Joseph answered, â€Å"yes†. Piaget’s tasks clearly represent Michael-Joseph at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. When conducting each task he was able to solve each task in a logical fashion. During the tasks his recognition of the physical world aided him to re...

Develope a project schedule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Develope a project schedule - Essay Example These shall also not involve any physical construction of project parts. Rather, there shall be a lot of boardroom work to ensure that the outcome of the feasibility studies is extensively digested. For instance the total cost of the project that emerges from the feasibility study shall be discussed on ways of meeting up those costs. The planning activities shall also include the setting up of an overseer committing and the drawing of a general plan s. following the planning stage shall be the actual execution of the project. This stage is thus named the execution stage and shall involve several ground work rather than boardroom work. There shall for instance be a system design project where the master plan system to be used in the construction of the project target shall be designed. More to this, all engineers shall be on site to put parts and pieces of the project together to ensure that actual manufacturing goes on. The last but one stage is the control stage. This stage shall have two phases. The two phases involve on-the-ground evaluation and off-the-ground evaluation. On-the-ground evaluation involves a rapid and continuous evaluation and monitoring exercise that shall be carried out on the project execution stage. This means that from time to time, there shall be officers who shall be monitoring and giving reports on the progress of the work. The off-the-grounds phase shall also be a generalized evaluation activity for the project after everything has ended. After this stage, the project shall successfully be closed. Looking at the various stages and the activities involved, the following duration for execution has been designed. The motive for allocation of time is from the perspective that the overall aim of the project is to save a lot of time in the construction of a unit machine. The whole project should therefore be executed in a total of eight (8) weeks. From the schedule table, it

Personal Ethics Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Ethics Statement - Assignment Example The paper "Personal Ethics Statement" examines Personal Ethics Statement. I believe that all patients must be treated with the highest standards of health care, and that they are entitled to the highest quality of medical services. I believe that all health care professionals must not, in any case, do harm to a patient, or do things that may be against their best interest. I believe that all health care professionals must respect the privacy of their patients, and that they must always be able to maintain confidentiality on all information regarding their patients. I believe that prevention is better than cure, and that all medical professionals must be able to focus on preventive medicine. I believe that all health care professionals must be able to contribute to the development of knowledge regarding their profession, and use it for the overall development of medicine and the provision of health care. One of the main references that I used in my personal ethics statement is The Mod ern Version of the Hippocratic Oath, as written by Louis Lasagna. As known by any health professionals, the Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest medical documents in history, and is also one of the major ethical guides that are used by medical professionals (especially physicians) up to the present Personally, I still view the Hippocratic Oath as an important ethical guide for all medical professionals because it outlines one of the main purposes of medicine: to treat patients according to their best interests.

Legalization of drugs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalization of drugs - Term Paper Example It is often argued that alcohol and cigarettes also have the reputation of being an addictive drug, yet both are legalized. Furthermore, those that want drugs will take the steps necessary to get them, so instead of making them criminals and continuing to overcrowd jails, it might be better to allow them to take the legalized form of the drug, which would probably be much weaker, and regulated, making addiction more difficult. Those who oppose this concept worry about increased addiction as well as the moral and ethics of society. There is a strong Christian movement that is against legalizing drugs, led by the Christian Coalition. Rangel (1998) puts this argument and view forth in his journal article. This coalition has a strong influence on politics, especially the Republican party, and thus this issue has been brought to the forefront many times. Krajicek (1998) discusses the power of the Christian Coalition to influence crime laws in his article, thus backing up the point that re ligion often does cross over into law and politics. While morality is an understandable concern, this same moral question already exists with alcohol and cigarettes. Therefore, what is the best approach to this concept The War on Drugs seems to be failing. No matter how hard the United States tries as a country, we still struggle with stopping the crossing of drugs into the country, and it is very apparent that this practice continues. If we have not been able to adequately stop this drug problem after trying for so many years, is there another way to end this issue? Davey (1998) makes a point of this issue in his arguments. ... The answer would be yes, and it would focus on the legalization of drugs. Thus, this researcher feels that the answer lies in legalizing drugs. This would not only end the War on Drugs, it would also clear jails (getting rid of drug crimes and opening up overcrowded prisons for those who have committed serious crimes like rape and murder), and it would also allow individuals freedom of choice. Silen (1994) agrees with the concept that adults who do want these drugs, of course if they desire them, will find a way to get them, one way or another. Therefore, it seems that it would be a good idea to take advantage of the situation. The United States already sells damaging and addictive drugs to its people in the form of cigarettes and alcohol. This would only give individuals more of a choice, and people would still be expected to use drugs responsibly-for instance, drinking while intoxicated on any drug is not acceptable. Shapiro (2003) argues, in his journal article, that our country i s based on freedom of will and choice, as long as others are not harmed. Therefore, the overall point is that there are several benefits to both people and the government when legalizing drugs, and this step should be taken in order to take advantage of the several advantages present in the situation. One important notion to consider is the fact that the legalizing of drugs also promises to reduce crime. How can this be so, when so many crimes are attributed to drug use First, the regulation of the drug itself promises that the drug will be less potent, and that the amount obtainable can be limited. This makes it more difficult for

Carbonate and hydrochloric acid Essay Example for Free

Carbonate and hydrochloric acid Essay If you have a two fixed masses of hydrochloric acid, which have both been crushed up, the one with the smaller particles will have a higher rate of reaction, due to the fact that there is a higher surface area exposed to the hydrochloric acid. A good example to compare this to would be slicing a loaf of bread, then spreading butter on it. The more thinner you cut each slice of bread, the more you can get which means that you would be able to spread more butter. This type of theory is known as the bread and butter theory and is often used in biology. The higher surface area of marble chips there is that is in contact with the hydrochloric acid, the higher the rate of reaction, and the more products that are formed in a given amount of time. Light Some chemical reactions are affected by the presence of light. One example of a reaction that depends on the presence of sunlight is photosynthesis, which only takes place when sunlight falls on a plant, which contains green pigmentation called chlorophyll. Another example of a reaction that only takes place in the presence of light is that which occurs when a photograph is taken. Inside the camera is a transparent film, which a clear plastic film that is covered in an emulsion of a layer of gelatine which is filled with millions of tiny crystals of silver halides, especially silver bromide (AgBr). The emulsion that is used is similar for both colour and black and white film. The only difference is that the colour film contains three layers of emulsion which all contain different dyes. When light falls hits a silver bromide molecule, silver cations (Ag+) accepts an electron from the bromine ions (Br-) creating a silver atom. Ag+ + e- Ag Silver ion + Electron Silver atom The bromine atoms that are produced are then trapped in the gelatine. The more light that hits the photographic film the greater the amount of silver that is deposited. As you can see, most of the ways of increasing the rate of reactivity involve increasing the number of successful collisions within the reaction itself. Once you do this the rate of reaction should increase. However, just increasing the number of collisions doesnt necessarily mean that the rate of reaction is increased. This is because in order to increase the rate of reaction you need to increase the number of successful collisions. When collisions occur, if they do not have enough energy, which is in the form of kinetic energy, then they would repel each other. However if they do have enough energy, then they would combine, which is a successful collision. The way in which the rate of reaction is calculated is by using the following formula: Reaction rate= change in amount (or concentration) of a substance/products produced Time taken Therefore, in this case, I will be measuring the rate of reaction by measuring the quantity of products formed. The formula would then be: Reaction rate= carbon dioxide produced. Time taken Using this method you can work out the average rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid in the time given for the experiment. The rate at which it reacts would be measured in x grams/minute. Aim The aim of this experiment is to see how the rate of reaction can be affected by a factor [variable]. The variable that we chose was the concentration of the acid, so the aim is to see how the concentration of hydrochloric acid can affect the rate of reactivity. Prediction Substances are prone to burn much faster in the presence of oxygen. For example a charcoal in a barbeque would often be burning quite slowly with a red glow. However, when you blow on t, the coal would become even hotter as it gets more red, and my even burst into flames. This is as you are blowing a higher concentration of oxygen onto it. Another example is acetylene, which burns extremely rapidly in the presence of pure oxygen. The energy produced, in the form of heat, is enough to burn through metal, which is what it is used for: C2H2 + 2. 5O2 2CO2 + H2O + heat Acetylene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + heat energy. Chemical reactions occur when successful collisions occur between particles. This is when particles gain enough speed that when they collide with each other they join together. Successful collisions between acetylene molecules and oxygen molecules occur when pure oxygen is used instead of air. Therefore, the rate of reaction increases the rate of reaction as well as increasing the amount of heat given off. From this, I can therefore predict that as you increase the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, you would also be increasing the rate of reaction. I predict that the shape of the graph would look like so: This is as the rate of reaction at the beginning would be quite rapid. This would eventually slow down due to the fact that the calcium chloride and the hydrochloric acid are being used up. I therefore predict that the shape of the graph would eventually level off, and all of the lines (the concentrations) should end up at the same level in the end. Preliminary Investigation There are two methods that may be used to measure the rate of reaction, which are: * How fast the reactants are used up. How fast the products are formed The method we are using is to measure how fast the products are formed; in this case how fast the carbon dioxide is formed. Preliminary experiments were performed beforehand to understand how the actual experiment should be carried out, decide on the quantities of substances used as well as comprehend the observations in the experiment, i. e. effervescence, in order to acknowledge the reaction. First, we had to decide on the concentration of hydrochloric acid used. The fist concentration that was tried was 3 molar, which I decided was too fast. This was as the reading on the gas syringe went above the maximum level quite rapidly, which is not sufficient as it means that the results would not be adequate enough to identify a trend, which is the main aim of this investigation. The next concentration level that was tried was 2 molar, which I decided was adequate enough for the maximum concentration. Even though the reading in the gas syringe did go above the maximum, I did keep in mind that I was going to be using a larger gas syringe for the actual experiment. Therefore the maximum concentration of acid that is going to be used is 2 molar, which is the variable. We are then going to reduce this to 1. 8 molar, 1. 6 molar, 1. 4 molar, 1. 2 molar and then finally 1 molar. I believe that these sets of variables would be adequate enough in order to identify a trend. After deciding on the quantities used, I then had to decide what volume of acid I was going to be using. The first volume I tried was 0. 5ml, which was too slow. I then tired 10 ml, which was again proving to be quite a slow reaction. So I then doubled the volume of the acid, which I believed was satisfactory, as the rate of reaction was good, and the amount of co2 produced was satisfactory, as it did not go over the syringe limit. I then had to decide what mass of calcium carbonate chips I had to use. The first mass that I had tried was 0. 5grams, which produced a far too slow rate of reaction. I then tried 2 grams of calcium carbonate, which was too fast of a reaction, and the amount of CO2 produced was off the reading on the gas syringe, so I halved it to 1 gram, which was satisfactory. The amount of time I am going to use is 90 seconds (one and a half minutes) as I believe that this is a sufficient amount of time in which I will be able to identify any trend between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Here are the results for the volume of acid: Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid used: 5 ml. Time (s) Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid: 10 ml Time (s). Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid: 20ml TConcentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s) + Here are the results for the concentration of hydrochloric acid: Concentration of acid: 2M Mass of marble chips:1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s) 2 produced (cm3) + Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s)(cm3)Â   The overall result for the preliminary investigation using the correct quantities would be: Time (s) 1 produced (cm3) with 1MÂ   The graph for the preliminary investigation looked like this: Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.